Posts by Andrew Spencer
Do Heat Pumps Work in Cold Weather? How They Extract Heat From Air Below 0°F
Yes, heat pumps can work below 0°F (-18°C). Here’s how cold-climate systems extract heat, maintain capacity, and handle defrost cycles.
Read MoreAir-to-Water Heat Pump System Design: 5 Key Principles for Peak Performance
Most air-to-water heat pump systems underperform because of how they’re designed, not what they’re made of. Here are five principles hydronic engineers should apply from the start.
Read MoreHydronic Snow Melt Systems: How to Size & Design Them Correctly
A complete technical guide to hydronic snow melt design for HVAC engineers: what to calculate, what to avoid, and how to get it right before the slab is poured.
Read MoreGas Pipe Sizing Guide: How to Size Natural Gas and LPG Pipework
A practical gas pipe sizing guide using International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC) equations, with metric and imperial units for natural gas and LPG systems.
Read MoreWhat Is Air Film Resistance and Why Does It Matter for Load Calculations?
A technical guide to surface air film resistance: what it is, how it forms, and how it affects the thermal performance of your building envelope.
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